The stochastic Poisson model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The stochastic Poisson model - Essay Example The Poisson process is a stochastic process, which describes events that occur independently from one another and continuously. Stochastic processes are part of probability theory and are used to describe random processes. They are based on a level of indeterminacy, which means that the final outcome is unknown although some paths and outcomes are more likely than others. (Doob, 1953) The Stochastic Poisson model has been used to describe processes like rainfall, the telephone calls that arrive at a switchboard, radioactive decay of atoms, and the page views of a website. Its use to describe the decision making of a juror is a relatively new and exotic application. When applied to decision making a Poisson process can be catalogued as special case of renewal theory (Cox, 1962). This model was proposed by Thomas and Hogue (1976) as a descriptive model in juror decision making. The model describes the jurors choice making as a two step process. In the first place the juror must consider the evidence to create a final estimate of the weight of the case against or for the defendant. Secondly, each juror has an individual decision criterion that allocates the apparent weight of evidence into "for" and "against" decision zones. According to this model a juror will only decide against a defendant if the weight of evidence exceeds his personal decision criterion. This means that the confidence of a juror in any particular decision will be a mathematical function of the distance between the apparent weight of the evidence and their personal decision criterion. The further away these parameters are the stronger the confidence of the juror in a particular decision. The indeterminacy of this process lies in the assumption that the apparent weight of evidence, or the perception of the weight of evidence, is randomly distributed among jurors. Thomas and Hogues (1976) decided to use an exponential probability density function to describe the way jurors arrived at a

The Escape Essay Example for Free

The Escape Essay The text under consideration is the short story â€Å"The Escape† written by a famous English writer Somerset Maugham. The story deals with the author’s speculation of the question of marriages, especially the possibility of men to escape it. There is no exposition, therefore we can only guess by the contents where and when the settings set on. At the beginning of the text the author expresses his conviction that only an instant flight can save a man from a woman, if she made up her mind to marry him. Further on the author recollects a case when even such flight couldn’t save the poor man. The author passes on to another story of a man, whose name was Roger Charing, who managed to extricate himself in such circumstances. The author introduces to us a girl – Ruth Barlow –whom he fell in love with, draws special attention to her eyes and the impression they made on men. He also depicts the misery of the girl’s life, as everyone treated her very badly and nothing ever went right with her. Further on the author disclosed some information concerning Ruth’s character, mainly from the point of view of the narrator. The author touches upon Roger’s attitude to her, saying that he was very happy, for he committed a good action and at the same time did something he had very much a mind to. In the next passage the author suddenly changes the mood of the narration saying that Roger fell out of love. He points out Roger’s intentions not to let Ruth marry him by any means. But then the author dwells upon the difficulty of the situation he was in, because now he realized what sort of woman he had to deal with. After that the author describes the method that Roger used to get rid of Ruth: he said that until they found a perfect house they wouldn’t get married. The author points out that it took years for them to search for the suitable house, they visited thousands of them, but still couldn’t find anything. The author shows the change in Ruth’s mood as the years go by: she becomes more and more irritated, disappointed and even angry. The author describes the outcome of this story in two letters: one from Ruth, in which she tells that she found some other man who is willing to marry her. The other letter is the Roger’s reply, in which he pretends to be shocked and depressed by this news, and sends to her another list of houses that will suit her perfectly. Precis The short story â€Å"The Escape† by Somerset Maugham is a humorous and witty narration about Roger Charing who managed to escape from Ruth Barrow that had made up her mind to marry him. Being old enough and having much experience, Roger decided to use the search of a perfect house as an excuse not to marry her, until she understood that he didn’t love her and found another man to marry. Gist Roger Charing, a character of the story â€Å"The Escape† by Somerset Maugham, once fell in love with Ruth Barrow, but later his love disappeared and in order not to let her marry him, he made searches of a perfect house last endlessly, until she decided to leave him.

Distance Learning vs. Traditional Education Essay examples -- E-Learni

Teachers expect students to abide by certain rules set forth at the beginning of the classes they attend. Preparation of materials and participation in class discussions are some of the requirements for classes. The rules of each class differ by subject and teacher. In the past decade another variable has been thrown into the pot, the environment in which classes are taught. Classroom rules may have to change to accommodate virtual classrooms. Ellen Laird has been teaching via the internet for many years. Ellen teaches the same courses in the classroom and online and she has written about her experiences with distance learning, also known as e-Learning, or online learning. In reference to the difference between the two types of classes she writes, â€Å"The two experiences are as different as a wedding reception and a rave† (Laird). With the growing popularity of distance education the question in many people’s minds is, â€Å"Do online classes and traditional classes have the same standards?† Since both types of courses are held in different environments, there are many difficulties that arise in holding each to the same standard. Given the same classes, students seem to be guided by different standards based on the environment that they are in, Internet or classroom. The standards implemented in distance education are very different from those that are expected of students taking courses in class. The difference in standards all stem from the medium used in the classroom. The standards set for students in distance education go above and beyond what their peers in class are expected to do. Higher standards imposed by distance education require more work from students and teachers, more interaction among classmates, and less contact and... ...mobility? Dec 2012. LookSmart. Web. 3 February 2014. . Laird, Ellen. I’m Your Teacher, Not Your Internet Service. January 2011. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Web. 9 April 2014. . Merisotis, James P., and Ronald A. Phipps. What's the difference? (college-level distance and classroom-based education). June 2012. Institute for Higher Education Policy. Web. 3 February 2014. . Young, Shannon J., Jerome Johnston, and Susanna E. Hapgood. Assessment and Accountability Issues in Distance Education for Adult Learners. September 2013. Improving Distance Education for Adult Learners (IDEAL). Web. 28 April 2014. .

Egans 3 Stage Counselling Model Essay

This essay will describe the skills and theories involved in the first stage of Egans three stage integrative helping model. In his person centred counselling model, Carl Rogers detailed 6 core conditions for effective counselling. However, he concentrated on 3 that he considered were essential for the counsellor. These 3 conditions were a. ‘unconditional positive regard’ which describes how the counsellor displays complete acceptance of their client without judging them. (respect) b. ‘empathy’ where the counsellor must demonstrate a deep understanding of the client, or seeing the world from their perspective; not reflecting on their own experiences. c. ‘congruence’ ensures that the therapist is completely honest and genuine with the client. This means that they are encouraged to show their feelings rather than hiding behind a faà §ade. These core conditions are essential throughout the counselling process, as they will naturally help to build a rapport between the therapist and their client. It is important that the client feels valued from the beginning; this will help them open up, once a mutual trust and respect has been established. In addition, with unconditional positive regard, the client must feel that they can discuss any subject at all without the fear of being judged. Essentially, stage one of Egan’s helping model is the storytelling phase. It allows the therapist to explore and be understanding of the clients’ situation, utilising skills drawn from the humanistic approach to counselling. Stage one is further broken down into three separate phases. Initially, the client should be provided with a safe environment where they can tell their story in their own way. As this is very early in the relationship, the counsellor must utilise good active listening skills and open questioning in order to help the client explore their situation and open up.

Criminal Law Essay

1. What kind of strike does the law not allow to form the basis of self-defense claims? d. Preemptive Correct Question 2 The castle exception is an exception to what doctrine? a. the retreat doctrine Question 3 Which of the following cases involves the â€Å"New York Subway Vigilante?† c. People v. Goetz (1986) Correct Question 4 Most defenses are perfect defenses; if they’re successful, defendants are c. acquitted. Question 5 The retreat requirement is weakest or nonexistent when persons are attacked b. in their own homes. Correct Question 6 The defense of consent recognizes the societal value of a. individual autonomy. Correct Question 7 A defense in which the defendant admits the act but claims that, under the circumstances, they aren’t legally responsible is called b. excuse. Correct Question 8 A defense in which the defendant accepts responsibility for the act but claims what they did was right is called a. justification. Correct Question 9 Circumstances that convince fact finders that defendants don’t deserve the maximum penalty for the crime they’re convicted of are called c. mitigating circumstances. Correct Question 10 Which of the following never justifies the use of force against another person? a. retaliation Question 11 At the heart of the choice-of-evils defense is the necessity to prevent a. imminent danger. Correct Question 12 A person who was the initial aggressor can gain a lawful right to self-defense if they do which of the following from the incident they started? b. completely withdraw Correct Question 13 A person can use deadly force against an attacker whom the victim reasonably believes is going to cause them an injury less than death. The attacker is said to be threatening b. serious bodily injury. Correct Question 14 What is the heart of self-defense? a. necessity Correct Question 15 The general rule is that self-defense is available only against what type of attacks? b. Legal Question 16 Which of the following is a key requirement of the necessity defense? a. that no reasonable legal option exists for averting the harm Correct Question 17 The law of self-defense is undergoing b. major transformation. Correct Question 18 In some jurisdictions, a person must retreat before using defensive deadly force if a. he can with complete safety to himself and others. Correct Question 19 Defensive force may be used only if the threat or danger is  d. imminent. Correct Question 20 Evidence that doesn’t amount to a perfect defense might amount to an imperfect defense; that is, defendants are d. guilty of lesser offenses.